Temperature-Dependent Structure and Electrochemical Behavior of RuO<sub>2</sub>/Carbon Nanocomposites
Bibliographic record
Abstract
RuO 2 /carbon nanocomposites are promising materials for supercapacitor electrodes because of their high power and energy capabilities. Understanding their structural change against temperature and electrochemical potential is crucial for better supercapacitor performance of these nanocomposites. The present work involves the preparation of RuO 2 nanoparticles in mesoporous carbon substrates using a consecutive impregnation method and subsequent annealing of the composites from 25 to 600 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Ru K- and L-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), ab initio calculations, cyclic voltammetry, and in situ electrochemical XAS are used to investigate the structural changes of RuO 2 in the nanocomposite. The data show that the RuO 2 transitions from a heavily hydrated to slightly hydrated form and then reduces to metallic Ru as temperature increases. The latter reduction of RuO 2 occurs at much lower temperatures than those for bulk RuO 2 . Electrochemical analysis indicates that the specific capacitance of the nano-RuO 2 in the nanocomposite is significantly lower than that of bulk RuO 2, implying that only a small amount of nano-RuO 2 present is electroactive. This finding coincides with the in situ electrochemical XAS study, in which nearly no change in the Ru K-edge XAS is observed for the nanocomposite electrode under varied potentials, differing from the bulk RuO 2 . This work presents a comprehensive picture of the structural changes of RuO 2 /carbon nanocomposites against temperature and electrochemical potential.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".