Ruthenium(II) Complexes Bearing a Naphthalimide Fragment: A Modular Dye Platform for the Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cycloruthenated complexes of the type [Ru(II)(N^N)2(C^N)](+) (N^N = substituted 2,2'-bipyridine; C^N = substituted 3-(2'-pyridyl)-1,8-naphthalimide ligand) are shown to generate high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) in the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). It is shown that substitution of the pyridine ring of the C^N ligand with conjugated groups can enhance molar absorption extinction coefficients, while the electron density imparted on the metal center is alleviated by the 1,8-naphthalimide fragment. This latter feature maintains a Ru(III)/Ru(II) redox couple more positive than 0.8 V versus NHE, thereby accommodating regeneration of the oxidized dye by an iodide-based redox mediator. This dye platform can consequently be modulated at various sites to enhance light absorption and suppress recombination between the redox mediator and the TiO2 surface without compromising dye regeneration, thereby maintaining device PCEs as high as 7%. We also introduce a new phosphine-based coadsorbent, bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphinic acid (BEPA), which is significantly easier to synthesize than the widely used bis(3,3-dimethylbutyl)phosphinic acid (DINHOP) while also facilitating high dye loading.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".