SUZANNE BROWN-FLEMING. The Holocaust and Catholic Conscience: Cardinal Aloisius Muench and the Guilt Question in Germany. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press in association with the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 2006. Pp. xiv, 240. Cloth $45.00, paper $20.00
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aloisius Muench, bishop of the diocese of Fargo, North Dakota, acted, from early 1946, as Pope Pius XII's unofficial Vatican nuncio to occupied Germany. He represented the U.S. church as well, as liaison between the German church and the U.S. occupation authorities. In 1949 Pius appointed him apostolic regent, and later Vatican nuncio, to Germany. He served until 1959, when he was raised to the cardinalate Suzanne Brown-Fleming has mined a rich vein, the well-indexed Muench archive, which includes over 15,000 letters from German Catholics, American Catholics, and the U.S. occupation authorities, as well as Muench's own diary and letters. Muench was well known as a champion of defeated Germany, so Germans spoke frankly to him, providing us with a window on postwar German Catholic opinion. Muench's reputation as an advocate of defeated Germany rested on his Lenten pastoral of 1946, One World in Charity, written prior to his appointment by Pius XII. In the pastoral, Muench drew a moral equivalence between Adolf Hitler's crimes and, as he saw it, the “Hitlerite peace” imposed upon Germany by Allied policies of starvation, extermination, and collective guilt (pp. 141–43, 148). Muench identified the villains behind these policies as former Jewish refugees—“the thirty-niners”—who had fled Nazism and were now U.S. citizens, back in Germany with the U.S. occupation authorities. The “thirty-niners” were thirsty for revenge, and knew no mercy. They were inspired in their un-Christian policies by “the Mosaic idea of an eye for an eye” (pp. 5, 143, 152).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.024 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".