Experiencing War as the 'Enemy Other': Italian Scottish Experience in World War II. By Wendy Ugolini.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The cover of Wendy Ugolini’s new study of Italians in wartime Scotland shows an Italian man up a ladder outside his Soho restaurant removing the word ‘Italian’ from his restaurant sign advertising Italian Vermouth. The Italian declaration of war in June 1940 transformed Italians in Britain into enemy aliens. The policy of mass internment of enemy aliens was immediately extended to them and there were anti-Italian riots in several British cities including Edinburgh and Glasgow. Some internees were held in Britain and the Isle of Man, but others were sent to camps in various parts of empire. In early July 1940, over 400 Italian internees died when a German U-boat off Ireland torpedoed the Arandora Star—the ship taking them to Canada. Ugolini speculates that the traumatic impact of these events on the Scottish Italian community, and reluctance to resurface painful memories, made for difficulties in recruiting interviewees for her project. She sets the anti-Italian riots in the wider history of anti-alienism, using oral history to demonstrate that experiences of hostility and a sense of unbelonging in Britain, shared by many Italians, may have been strengthened by Italy’s declaration of war but had predated it. But she also argues that anti-Italian riots, mass internment, and the deaths of internees on the Arandora Star have dominated historical accounts of wartime Italian experience to the exclusion of other experiences and memories. Her study is concerned to tell multiple narratives, emphasizing the diversity of Italian wartime experience particularly by gender and generation, including the experiences of second-generation men of British and dual British–Italian nationality who served in the British armed forces, and of women.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.019 | 0.014 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.010 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.011 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".