Saturated and unsaturated flow through sloped compost filter beds of different particle sizes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Little is known about the hydraulics of sloped compost beds having active free and non-flowing zones, and used for runoff erosion and volume control, and heavy metal removal. Water sorption tests on yard waste compost indicated that water transfer between the two zones would be slow (6 hr for a 0.04 m rise). The free flowing zone in ≈1 m long sloped (15°) beds increased in depth (0.01-0.08 m) with decreasing particle size and increasing flow. Particle size and flow (0.08-0.3 L/s/m) affected bed stability. Drainage volume increased with flow while drainage time remained fairly constant. Saturated flow occurred depending on the particle size above 0.02-0.165 L/s/m. Data indicate that sheet runoff from low intensity storms would most likely create unsaturated but stable bed conditions. Concentrated flows as from downspouts would likely create saturated conditions and have to be managed to prevent washout. A model based on porous media theory indicated that flow regime under saturated flow is turbulent. Results can be used to design compost beds for various runoff rates and to develop a heavy metal sorption model.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".