Impact of Climate Change on Hydraulic Performance in Water Distribution Networks
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The effects of climate change on municipal water distribution systems are not well known. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has forecast higher mean temperatures for the mid-latitude region of North America. The aim of the paper is to begin to understand the impact of higher temperatures on nodal demands and the mean and coefficient of variation of nodal pressures in water distribution networks. The second order second moment (SOSM) method was used to assess the impact of higher mean temperatures on the mean and coefficient of variation of nodal pressures in the Anytown network. Under maximum hour demand (MHD) and maximum day demand (MDD) with fire conditions, the warming scenarios were shown to have a detrimental effect on the ability of the Anytown network to meet minimum pressure specifications. Node location within the Anytown network influenced the impact of higher temperatures on the mean and coefficient of variation of pressure. Strategies to ensure an acceptable hydraulic performance under future warming scenarios were discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".