US elderly find it harder to pay medical bills than counterparts elsewhere, survey finds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
US adults aged 65 years or over are more likely to have chronic health problems and to struggle to pay for medical care than are their counterparts in 10 other developed nations, a new survey indicates.1 However, the Americans surveyed were more likely to report that their doctors had discussed with them how to live a healthy life and to have had conversations with their doctor about advanced care planning and to have a written plan regarding the end of life care they desired. The survey, published by Health Affairs ,1 was conducted by the Commonwealth Fund, a foundation based in New York City that focuses on health system reform. The lead author was Robin Osborn, the fund’s vice president and director of international health policy and practice innovations. This was the 17th international survey sponsored by the foundation to compare different health systems. The study was based on a telephone survey of 15 617 adults aged 65 or older in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, the …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".