Volumetric Properties of Athabasca Bitumen +<i>n</i>-Hexane Mixtures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The solvent-assisted bitumen recovery processes, such as vapor extraction (VAPEX) and expanding-solvent steam-assisted gravity drainage (ES-SAGD), are designed on the basis of the drainage of diluted oil at in situ conditions. Thus, the density of oil and its diluted mixtures is required to predict the production rate and cumulative oil recovery. In this study, the density of Athabasca bitumen and its mixtures with hexane at different mass fractions (0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) has been accurately measured. The experiments were taken at temperatures changing from ambient up to 463 K and at pressures up to 10 MPa. The volume change upon mixing for the mixtures was investigated from the experimental results, and the influence of pressure, temperature, and solvent mass fraction on the volume change upon mixing and density was studied. The density data are evaluated by no volume change, excess volume, and effective liquid density calculation methods. It was found that the mixture data are well-predicted using effective liquid densities with an average absolute relative deviation (AARD) of 0.31%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".