Ion-Exchange-Assisted Electrochemical Removal of Heavy Metals from Dilute Solutions in a Stirred-Tank Electrochemical Reactor: A Mass-Transfer Study
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The rate of diffusion-controlled removal of Cu 2+ from a dilute solution containing a fluidized bed of ion-exchange resin in a batch stirred parallel-plate electrochemical reactor was investigated. The variables studied were the concentration of ion-exchange resin, impeller rotation speed, and impeller geometry. The rate of mass transfer of Cu 2+ removal was measured in three cases, namely, (i) ion exchange without electrolysis, (ii) electrolysis without ion exchange, and (iii) combined electrolysis and ion exchange. The presence of ion-exchange resin during electrolysis was found to increase the rate of Cu 2+ removal by a factor ranging from 1.18 to 1.78 compared to that obtained by electrolysis alone. A simple mathematical model was developed to account for the enhancing effect of ion-exchange particles. The electrical energy consumption decreased in the presence of ion-exchange resin by an amount ranging from 3.6% to 53%. The radial-flow impeller was found to give higher rates of removal than the axial-flow impeller.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it