Gender differences in outcomes following cardiac surgery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review summarizes the differences in clinical outcomes following cardiac surgery according to gender. RECENT FINDINGS: Women comprise a large proportion of patients presenting with coronary artery or valvular heart disease. Although it is well known that women have poorer survival following bypass surgery compared with men, more recent data confirm that women also have poorer outcomes after heart valve surgery. Women are also more likely to receive mitral valve replacement instead of repair, when compared with men. These divergent outcomes are because of many factors, including valve disease and clinical presentation, which may result in delayed surgical referral in women. SUMMARY: Factors that result in poorer outcomes following heart valve surgery, including mitral valve surgery, between men and women remain incompletely understood. These may relate to differences in clinical presentation, valve morphology, and physiology. Further research is needed to clarify differences in heart valve outcomes according to gender.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".