Bupropion for Depression in Schizophrenia
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The catecholaminergic theory of depression assumes dysfunctional neurotransmission of dopamine and norepinephrine. Therefore, the antidepressant bupropion, a dual dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, might be a valuable treatment option also in schizophrenic patients with major depressive episodes. However, reports on induced psychotic symptoms in depressed patients questioned its use in patients with psychotic spectrum lifetime diagnoses. Here, we report on treatment experiences with bupropion in patients with schizophrenia with respect to antidepressive efficacy, safety, and tolerability. METHODS: We report on a consecutive series of depressed patients with psychotic spectrum lifetime diagnoses who received bupropion extended release for a period of 6 weeks in addition to stable doses of antipsychotic agents (N = 5). The psychometric scales Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia, Hamilton Depression Scale, and Extrapyramidal Symptoms Scale were applied. RESULTS: All patients experienced significant improvements of their major depressive episodes. Psychotic positive symptoms remained stably absent, whereas both negative symptoms and global psychopathology considerably improved. The treatment was generally well tolerated; however, subtle electroencephalographic deteriorations were observed. CONCLUSIONS: This case series suggests safe and effective antidepressive treatment with bupropion in patients with schizophrenic disorders, if stable antipsychotic medication and electroencephalographic-monitoring are provided. Further randomized studies involving a control group are necessary.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it