Bupropion for Depression in Schizophrenia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: The catecholaminergic theory of depression assumes dysfunctional neurotransmission of dopamine and norepinephrine. Therefore, the antidepressant bupropion, a dual dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, might be a valuable treatment option also in schizophrenic patients with major depressive episodes. However, reports on induced psychotic symptoms in depressed patients questioned its use in patients with psychotic spectrum lifetime diagnoses. Here, we report on treatment experiences with bupropion in patients with schizophrenia with respect to antidepressive efficacy, safety, and tolerability. METHODS: We report on a consecutive series of depressed patients with psychotic spectrum lifetime diagnoses who received bupropion extended release for a period of 6 weeks in addition to stable doses of antipsychotic agents (N = 5). The psychometric scales Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms, Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia, Hamilton Depression Scale, and Extrapyramidal Symptoms Scale were applied. RESULTS: All patients experienced significant improvements of their major depressive episodes. Psychotic positive symptoms remained stably absent, whereas both negative symptoms and global psychopathology considerably improved. The treatment was generally well tolerated; however, subtle electroencephalographic deteriorations were observed. CONCLUSIONS: This case series suggests safe and effective antidepressive treatment with bupropion in patients with schizophrenic disorders, if stable antipsychotic medication and electroencephalographic-monitoring are provided. Further randomized studies involving a control group are necessary.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".