Synthesis and Characterization of the Lithium-Rich Core–Shell Cathodes with Low Irreversible Capacity and Mitigated Voltage Fade
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lithium-rich layered Ni–Mn–Co oxide materials have been intensely studied in the past decade. Mn-rich materials have serious voltage fade issues, and the Ni-rich materials have poor thermal stability and readily oxidize the organic carbonate electrolyte. Core–shell (CS) strategies that use Ni-rich material as the core and Mn-rich materials as the shell can balance the pros and cons of these materials in a hybrid system. The lithium-rich CS materials introduced here show much improved overall electrochemical performance compared to the core-only and shell-only samples. Energy dispersive spectroscopy results show that there was diffusion of transition metals between the core and shell phases after sintering at 900 °C compared to the prepared hydroxide precursors. A Mn-rich shell was still maintained whereas the Co which was only in the shell in the precursor was approximately homogeneous throughout the particles. The CS samples with optimal lithium content showed low irreversible capacity (IRC), as well as high capacity and excellent capacity retention. Sample CS2-3 (the third sample in the 0.67Li 1+ x (Ni 0.67 Mn 0.33 ) 1– x O 2 ·0.33Li 1+ y (Ni 0.4 Mn 0.5 Co 0.1 ) 1– y O 2 CS2 series) had a reversible capacity of ∼218 mAh/g with 12.3% (∼30 mAh/g) irreversible capacity (IRC) and 98% capacity retention after 40 cycles to 4.6 V at 30 °C at a rate of ∼C/20. Differential capacity versus potential (d Q /d V versus V ) analysis confirmed that cells of the CS samples had stable impedance as well as a very stable average voltage. Apparently, the Mn-rich shell can effectively protect the Ni-rich core from reactions with the electrolyte while the Ni-rich core renders a high and stable average voltage.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".