Oxygen-vacancy-induced ferromagnetism in undoped SnO<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>thin films
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigated the possible formation and segregation of oxygen vacancies near the surface of SnO${}_{2}$ thin films from oxygen $K$-edge x-ray emission and absorption spectra and found that the distribution of O 2$p$ unoccupied states for ferromagnetic SnO${}_{2}$ thin films is different from that of postannealed SnO${}_{2}$ films under oxygen atmosphere showing diamagnetic behavior. This spectroscopic result suggests that oxygen vacancies can be the source of the surface-induced magnetism in SnO${}_{2}$ thin films. This possibility was then explored by calculating the lowest energy levels of the structural defects (impurities or neutral vacancies) with two localized carriers near the surface of SnO${}_{2}$ film using a quantum-mechanical approach combined with the image charge method. A magnetic triplet state is found to be the ground state of those defects in the vicinity of the SnO${}_{2}$ surface, whereas the nonmagnetic singlet is the ground state of bulk SnO${}_{2}$. Surface-induced ferromagnetic order can appear at room temperature via 2D magnetic percolation once the vacancy concentration is greater than 3 $\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}$ 10${}^{16}$ m${}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.006 | 0.008 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it