Facile Preparation of Platelike Tungsten Oxide Thin Film Electrodes with High Photoelectrode Activity
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tungsten trioxide (WO(3)) thin film electrodes with platelike structures were prepared by a facile hydrothermal reaction of tungsten sheets in a dilute nitric acid solution at 100-180 °C and subsequent calcination at 450 °C. The calcination step facilitated the transformation of the crystal structure from tungsten oxide hydrates (WO(3)·H(2)O or WO(3)·2H(2)O) to monoclinic WO(3) without significant modification to the platelike structures. The photoelectrochemical performance of the thin film electrodes for water splitting that took place in a dilute sulfuric acid was strongly dependent on both temperature and the time used for the hydrothermal reaction. This suggests that the thickness of the film influences the process of photoexcited electron transport. The time required for the hydrothermal reaction under higher temperatures was reduced in the generation of thin film electrodes with high photoelectrode activity, because the crystal growth is accelerated at high temperatures and the electron transport is restricted by a relatively thick compact layer that is comprised of WO(3) nanoparticulates. The electrode exhibited sensitivity to the violet portion of the visible light spectrum due to the bandgap of 2.8 eV and high photoelectrode efficiency, as well as an incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) of 66.2%, for the photoelectrochemical oxidation of water.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".