Removal of Tannin from Aqueous Solution by Adsorption onto Treated Coal Fly Ash: Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Studies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The study investigated the performance of tannin adsorption on treated coal fly ash. The adsorption capacity of coal fly ash could be enhanced through appropriate pretreatment by acid. There was an apparent increase of tannin adsorption when fly ash dosage changed from 0 to 20 g/L. The adsorption isotherm data fitted to Freundlich and Langmuir models. The adsorption process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics. The adsorption processes presented a two-stage pattern, a rapid adsorption process followed by a slow adsorption process. The adsorbed amount of tannin was higher at 20 °C than other temperature levels. The thermodynamic studies indicated the adsorption of tannin onto fly ash was exothermic in nature and the entropy of the system decreased during adsorption process. The removal efficiency of tannin adsorption onto fly ash decreased when NaCl concentration ranged from 0 to 0.4 mol/L.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".