Electrochemical Growth of ZnO Nanobelt-Like Structures at 0 °C: Synthesis, Characterization, and in-Situ Glucose Oxidase Embedment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Single-crystalline ZnO nanobelt-like structures (NBS) of length, width, and thickness in the ranges of 5–10 μm, 50–400 nm, and 20–100 nm, respectively, are synthesized by a one-step, template-free electrochemical deposition technique at 0 °C. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) reveal a unique morphology of the as-synthesized NBS, with an oval-shaped cross section. High-resolution TEM and selected area electron diffraction studies further confirm that individual NBS are single-crystalline, with a growth direction of [101̅0], while the X-ray diffraction data indicate its characteristic wurtzite structure. The successful formation of ZnO NBS at 0 °C using this simple, aqueous-solution-based, bottom-up approach is further exploited to fabricate a bionanocomposite. In particular, incorporation of a biomolecule, i.e., glucose oxidase (GOx) into the ZnO NBS in situ during electrodeposition is found to be highly effective in enhancing the activity and stability. The resulting GOx-embedded ZnO NBS are found to exhibit not only a higher enzymatic activity but also remarkable stability when compared to GOx surface-immobilized ZnO NBS. The present direct biomolecular embedment approach promises a new strategy for incorporating other compatible biomolecules in situ at low temperature while preserving their bioactivity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".