Modelling and Imaging Through a Gas-Obscured Zone in Malaysia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Description of the material The study area is situated SB311 block of Malaysia. The tectonic evolution of the area is linked to the rifting of South China Sea. The image of the target in this study is affected by the shallow gas-obscured zone in the overburden. The goal of this study is to investigate new acquisition techniques and parameters capable of imaging through the gas-obscured zones, using advanced modeling and imaging technologies. Application Based on regional geology and seismic data, two sets of models containing "geobodies" filled or partially filled with gas were built. The geobodies were constructed based on the characters of seismic amplitudes and stratigraphy, and they were distributed above and below the top of KBB formation. P-wave velocities (Vp), S-wave velocities (Vs) and bulk densities (ρ) inside geobodies were modified based on Biot-Gassmann fluid substitution and the Xu-White Differential Effective Medium (DEM) method. A 15m thick of unconsolidated low velocity materials was added to model immediately beneath the water bottom to investigate the feasibility of P-to-S converted wave recording. Results, Observations, and Conclusions Acoustic modeling and RTM imaging have suggested that long offset (>10 km) is required in order for undershooting. Any newly acquired long-offset 2D streamer data could not only have potential for imaging the base of KBB, but also assist reprocessing of existing 3D seismic data. Elastic modeling followed by dual-velocity RTM has suggested that P-to-S converted waves have potential for imaging both top and base of the Kebabangan reservoir, even with the 15m thick of low velocity layer below the water bottom. This assumes that vector fidelity and coupling of the phones or nodes at the ocean bottom can be secured. Significance of Subject Matter With the recent advances of ocean bottom nodes (OBN) technologies, converted wave survey may have potential to solve for the obscured-zone imaging problems in Malaysia and other regions around the world. Acknowledgement We thank Robert Beham of Malaysia Business Unit and Brad Bankhead of Geophysical Technology at ConocoPhillips for supporting this project.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".