Potentials of RGB-D Cameras in As-Built Indoor Environment Modeling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
3D as-built models of building indoor environments could be used to facilitate multiple building assessment and management tasks, such as post-disaster safety evaluation, renovation/retrofit planning, and maintenance scheduling. However, modeling building indoor environments is a challenging task. It is even more difficult than modeling building facades due to the issues, such as limited lighting conditions and prevalence of texture-poor walls, floors, and ceilings. This paper investigates the potentials of RGB-D cameras in modeling building indoor environments. Three pilot studies have been performed to evaluate 1) the accuracy of the sensing data provided by an RGB-D camera and 2) the automation that can be achieved for the registration of building indoor scenes and the recognition of building elements with the sensing data. The studies show that the camera can provide a stream of mid-accurate sensing data in real time. Also, a high degree of automation can be achieved through the fusion of spatial and visual data from the camera, when modeling the as-built conditions in building indoor environments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".