One-Step Formation of Crystalline TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotubular Arrays with Intrinsic p–n Junctions
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
It is highly desired to fabricate crystalline TiO 2 nanotubes by anodization without subsequent annealing that may result in cracking and the formation of an interfacial barrier between the nanotubular arrays and the substrate, thus improving the structural integrity and corresponding photoelectric properties. In this work, an attempt was made to fabricate crystalline TiO 2 nanotubular arrays through anodization in a NH 4 F-containing glycerol electrolyte at room temperature (RT) and 100 °C. It was demonstrated that crystalline nanotubes were successfully fabricated at both RT and 100 °C. Photocurrent and surface photovoltage spectra of the nanotubes were measured to investigate their photoinduced charge separation efficiency and semiconductor characteristics. It was interesting to observe that the as-fabricated TiO 2 nanotubes at RT consisted of both rutile and anatase, confirmed by SAD of TEM, which showed apparent p-type semiconductor characteristics. The mechanism for the formation of crystallites at RT and the possibility to develop intrinsic nanoscale p–n junctions were discussed. However, the nanotubes anodized at 100 °C were in the state of anatase, exhibiting n-type semiconductor characteristics.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it