Gas Solubility Measurement in Heavy Oil and Extra Heavy Oil at Vapor Extraction (VAPEX) Conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A pressure–volume–temperature ( PVT ) cell has been developed for measuring light gas solubility in heavy oils and bitumen under pressure. It uses a magnetic stirrer designed to stir the fluid in a laminar way within oil with a viscosity up to 55 000 cP. Because of this stirring system, recombination of heavy oil and gas is achieved in less than 2 h. The apparatus was used to quantify the solubility of carbon dioxide and methane in two heavy oils. One is coming from Canada, and the other is coming from Venezuela. The experiments were conducted by adding solvent into the oil and recombining the system by pressurization with a full laminar stirring. Finally, solubility data were obtained by measuring the bubble pressure of the recombined fluid. This was achieved by determining the change of the PV slope during an isothermal decompression. Measurements were performed for various contents of gases and different temperatures ranging between 293 and 353 K.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".