Full-scale physical testing of a buried reinforced concrete pipe under axle load
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The structural response of a 600 mm inner diameter reinforced concrete pipe buried in a dense, well-graded sand and gravel soil and subjected to surface load from a single design truck axle with 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 m of soil cover above the pipe crown is quantified using full-scale physical testing. The pipe did not crack at its minimum burial depth of 0.3 m under working CL-625 and CL-800 single-axle highway design loads as the largest tensile strains were only 50%–60% of those at the onset of cracking. Application of the fully factored CL-625 single-axle load at a burial depth of 0.3 m resulted in a tensile crack and a maximum circumferential bending moment of 6 kN·m/m; however, no limit state was reached as the crack width was around one-half the value used to define pipe serviceability and the maximum moment was around 70% of the theoretical ultimate capacity. The decrease in pipe demand from surface load with increasing soil cover is also quantified. At 400 kN of single-axle force, the crown moment decreased to 65% and 35% of the value at 0.3 m burial when the depth of soil cover was increased to 0.6 and 0.9 m, respectively.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".