Investigations into a biological control strategy for Lodgepole Pine Dwarf Mistletoe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An inundative biological control strategy for lodgepole pine dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium americanum) parasitizing lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. contorta) in British Columbia was investigated in this study. Of 36 collection sites in British Columbia and Alberta, Caliciopsis arceuthobii was observed at 8 sites and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was collected from 23 sites and 187 isolates were recovered in culture. It was decided to focus on C. gloeosporioides because it damaged all parts of male and female A. americanum infections, grew readily in culture, produced abundant inoculum in culture and its distribution coincided with the range of A. americanum that was sampled in this study. An isolate of C. gloeosporioides was selected based on growth characteristics and formulated using the 'Stabileze' method for inoculation of A. americanum in a field trial. Two months after inoculation, the average disease rating of A. americanum infections treated with C. gloeosporioides was significantly higher than the controls. One year after inoculation, the average number of fruit present on A. americanum swellings that were treated with C. gloeosporioides was reduced, but the difference between the treatments and controls was not significant. The effect of C. gloeosporioides on the endophytic system of A. americanum was determined through culturing and histopathologic^ examination. Colletotrichum gloeosporioides was cultured from the basal cup region but not from woody tissues. No fungal hyphae were observed within the endophytic tissues of A. americanum; however, two different types of hyphae were observed in the outer dead bark and on the bark surface. Analysis of the distribution of C. gloeosporioides within the canopy of lodgepole pine suggested that the presence of C. gloeosporioides was not related to crown position; under natural conditions, all A. americanum was susceptible to C. gloeosporioides. A5study designed to follow C. arceuthobii infection of A. americanum over time found that the fungus caused an average fruit reduction of 57% each year over the first three years, and a predicted reduction of 39% in the fourth year of the study and that the fungus was able to naturally infect disease free A. americanum. The maximum biocontrol treatment periodicity required for prevention of fruit production was determined to be 3 years, based on the interval between shoot removal and fruit production.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".