Interfacial Instabilities in Two-Layer Exchange Flow over Smooth Topography
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Two-layer exchange flow was modeled in a rectangular channel connecting two reservoirs of water of slightly different densities. A smooth bottom sill was placed within the channel. Kelvin-Helmholtz (K-H) instabilities were generated at the interface of the exchange flow down the sill. Detailed flow measurements were obtained using digital particle image velocimetry (DPIV) for velocity fields, and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) for interface positions. The measured flow field indicates that K-H instabilities were generated at bulk Richardson number, J, of about 0.07–0.10 with a significantly displaced density field from the center of the shear layer. The generation, growth and propagation of those K-H instabilities were measured from the record of the interface positions. Those instabilities caused significant flow entrainment with the upper layer fluid entrained into the lower layer and the flow rate in the lower layer increasing by about 20% down the sill was found.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".