Jiayan Zhang.<i>Coping with Calamity: Environmental Change and Peasant Response in Central China, 1736–1949</i>.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Environmental historians have made it increasingly clear that by the end of the eighteenth century, much of China confronted an ecological crisis. We know that during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, long-term deforestation, intensified land use, excessive control of rivers, and other human-induced environmental changes posed greater challenges than ever before, as did the frequency and scale of floods, famines, and other disasters. Historians have not, however, paid sufficient attention to the coping strategies that enabled people to live through these unprecedented environmental transformations, and to how their ecological adaptations intersected with socioeconomic processes at the local level. Jiayan Zhang’s monograph advances our understanding of these largely neglected issues through a highly detailed analysis of the interactive relationships between environmental changes and peasant responses to them in central China’s Jianghan Plain during the Qing (1644–1911) and Republican (1912–1949) periods. Zhang boldly calls for “an environmental approach that takes into account not only environmental change and population increase but also state policies, community action, market forces, and peasant behaviour; that considers the interactive relationship between environment and human action and takes into account human-environment interaction not only synchronically but also diachronically, addressing dynamic change over time” (6).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.009 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".