Feasibility of Cyclic and Continuous Steam Injections into a Middle-Eastern Heavy Oil Reservoir: A Simulation Approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Steam injection has been applied successfully worldwide. The main objectives of this simulation study are to investigate the influences of steam quality, steam injection rates, well spacing, and well completion on the performance and oil recovery by cyclic and continuous steam injection modes into a Middle Eastern heavy oil reservoir. The ultimate goal of this study is to design a complete steam injection process capable to provide the highest cumulative oil recovery. Screening criteria has been applied for the reservoir to select the steam injection as the most appropriate enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method. The geological and fluid models were well-established and used with other reservoir rock, fluid, petrophysical data plus production history data to develop the best history matching for the reservoir under development. The effects of different injection injection rates, well completion and well spacing have been investigated. Heat distribution profile at different injection rates is developed plus water cut curves for different time intervals over 20 years. The influence of different types of well completion of open hole and selected perforated zones are also studied for different numbers of injectors and producers. The steam quality is optimized under different conditions for all proposed scenarios. The results indicated that the application of the open-hole well completion and the increase of steam injection rate increased the attained production rate for different steam quality and different well spacing. The optimum steam quality is determined and used for different proposed combinations of the above-listed factors in this reservoir. The results also indicated that the application of selected perforation well completion is better than open hole completion because it is proven to provide better heat distribution throughout the pay zone. The results of this study develop a systematic approach for optimization the application of both cyclic and continuous steam processes considering heat distribution, well completion and variable parameters of the reservoir under development.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".