Fabrication of Carbon, Gold, Platinum, Silver, and Mercury Ultramicroelectrodes with Controlled Geometry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A simple, fast, and reproducible method for the fabrication of disk ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) with controlled geometry is reported. The use of prepulled soda-lime glass capillaries allows one to bypass the irreproducible torch-sealing and experimentally challenging tip-sharpening steps used in conventional fabrication protocols. A micron-sized electroactive wire is sealed inside this capillary producing UMEs with a highly reproducible geometry. Total fabrication time (1 h) and experimental difficulty are significantly reduced. Disk UMEs with various diameters and cores were fabricated, including carbon fiber (7 and 11 μm), gold (10 and 25 μm), platinum (10 and 25 μm), silver (25 μm), and mercury (25 μm). The ratio of the insulating sheath to the electroactive core of the UMEs was 2.5-3.6. Silver UMEs were also used to produce a Ag/AgCl microreference electrode. This general fabrication method can readily be applied to other electroactive cores and could allow any research group to produce high quality disk UMEs, which are a prerequisite for quantitative scanning electrochemical microscopy.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".