Stimulating Oral and Nasal Chemoreceptors for Preventing Aspiration Pneumonia in the Elderly
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Aspiration pneumonia remains a major cause of death in the elderly. However, fundamental and effective treatment has not been established yet. Onset of aspiration pneumonia is based on the presence of dysphagia, such as delayed triggering of the swallowing reflex. The swallowing reflex in the elderly is temperature sensitive, even if it is impaired. Swallowing reflex was delayed when the temperature of the food was close to body temperature. The actual swallowing time shortened when the temperature difference increases. The improvement of swallowing reflex by temperature stimuli could be mediated by the temperature-sensitive TRP channel. Administration of the TRPV1 agonists improves the delay of the swallowing reflex. Red wine polyphenols have been suggested to improve the swallowing reflex by increasing TRPV1 response. Food with menthol, an agonist of TRPM8 which is a cold temperature receptor, also decreased the delay in swallowing reflex. Olfactory stimuli, such as black pepper, can be a useful tool to improve swallowing reflex in people with lower ADL and consciousness levels. By combining these various sensory stimuli, we developed a protocol to start oral intake in patients with aspiration pneumonia This protocol shall continue to contribute to the ingestion of many older people.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".