Drinking Water Source Contamination Early Warning System and Modelling in China: A Review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
China’s fast pace industrialization and growing population has led to several accidental surface water pollution events in the last decades. This has severely affected the safety of large populations downstream whom are dependent of these waters for drinking. In other countries such as the USA, several accidental pollution events have forced these to develop early warning systems (EWSs) for the protection of their drinking water sources. The government of China, in its 11th Five Year plan, after the 2005 Songhua River incident, has pushed for similar actions. Despite recent government efforts, there are still many weaknesses and gaps in EWS in China such as the lack of pollution monitoring and advanced mathematical models to predict and forecast pollution events. The application of existing physical models for water quality prediction in China can be challenging due to information availability issues. Data Driven Models (DDMs) such as Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have acquired recent attention as an alternative to physical models which require large amounts of data, do not take into account nonlinear hydrological properties, are computationally demanding and not always flexible.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".