Ice Formation and Distribution in the Catalyst Layer During Freeze-Start Process - CRYO- SEM Investigation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Ice distribution in the catalyst layer (CL) and gas distribution layer (GDL) of PEM fuel cells under isothermal constant voltage (ICV) operation at subzero temperature was determined using CRYO-FESEM. The analysis method was designed to ensure that the entire experiment was carried out under subzero ({degree sign}C) conditions so that the water is always kept in a frozen state without thawing. Under a moderately wet shutdown, the porosity of the cathode CL decreased from an initial, dry porosity of 65% to 15.9% for the purge only sample and to 8.2% for a sample at a full ICV state. At the full ICV state, the gas was not able to reach the active sites and the reaction ceased. Two distinct regions with different porosities in the CL were observed at the half ICV state, which indicates that ice in the CL melted at the beginning of the ICV operation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".