Effectiveness of By-product Sulfur from Petroleum Refining as a Rubber Vulcanizing Agent: A XANES Investigation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sulfur plays an important role in the rubber industry as a vulcanizing agent, providing an enhancement in mechanical properties relative to unvulcanized rubber. The sulfur used in industry originates from natural and petroleum sources. Petroleum-based sulfur (PS), usually a by-product from a refinery process, was used as the vulcanizing sulfur in the present work. The chemical structure of PS was characterized and compared to that of a commercial rhombic sulfur (RS) using sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. The results reveal that sulfur K-edge XANES spectroscopy has good sensitivity to the chemical structure of sulfur, and the chemical structures of sulfur in rubbers vulcanized with PS and RS are very similar. Furthermore, different types of rubbers vulcanized with PS or RS exhibit comparable mechanical properties. This work shows that PS can be used to replace RS as a vulcanizing agent for rubber.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".