Formation of Liquid Methane–Water Mixture during Combustion of a Laminar Methane Jet at Supercritical Pressures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During the study of soot formation in laminar jet flames of methane at elevated pressures in a high-pressure combustion chamber, we have observed an anomalous occurrence at the chamber pressures of 6 MPa and higher. At pressures between 6 and 9 MPa, after the laminar methane jet flame had been stabilized on a co-flow circular nozzle-type burner, one of the following occurrences was observed: (a) the jet flame is completely extinguished without any external interference, and immediately after, a liquid material started to flow out of the fuel nozzle, and (b) the jet flame started flickering or changing its shape, and at the same time, a liquid stream started trickling out of the nozzle. This outflowing liquid influenced the jet flame by widening the flame near its base and decreasing the visible flame height. In consideration of the temperatures and the pressures involved, the liquid is believed to be a mixture of methane and water formed by the water vapor in the combustion products of the flame mixing with supercritical methane inside the nozzle.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".