Bibliographic record
Abstract
The fiercely contested Arctic is a hot subject these days. This timely book offers an examination of Russian and Soviet attempts to develop the Arctic from the late nineteenth century to the present. The bulk of the book is devoted to developments in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, when Soviet and post-Soviet approaches to the region, informed by ideology as well as economics and geopolitics, often diverged from those of fellow northern countries. The Russian north is an immense region. Paul R. Josephson chooses to focus his study on its most populated, urbanized, and industrialized part: the three provinces of Murmansk, Karelia, and Arkhangel'sk that together comprise the so-called Russian northwest. The book is organized into seven thematic chapters that draw from local as well as central archives. Josephson begins with accounts of the exploration of the region and ends with its current precarious position as both an inspiration for future development (the Northern Sea Route, resource extraction, etc.) and a cautionary tale (severe environmental degradation).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.075 | 0.049 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".