A Quantitative Analysis of the Causes of Drug Shortages in Jordan: A Supply Chain Perspective
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<p>This study investigates the causes of drug shortage in Jordan. Based on thorough literature review, five causes related to supply chain were identified, namely regulatory and legislative processes, manufacturing-related issues, distribution factors, supply and demand imbalance, and human factors.</p><p>Data were collected from 221 professionals selected from Jordan Food and Drug Administration (JFDA), pharmaceutical manufacturing sector, hospital professionals, and other nodes in the supply chain including distributors and wholesalers. Multiple-regression analysis was used to test the hypothesized relationships. The results indicate that four causes are significantly related to drug shortages in Jordan, regulatory and legislative processes, distribution factors, human factors, and supply and demand imbalance. Manufacturing-related issues are not significantly related to drug shortages. Implications and recommendations for the decision makers are proposed on the basis of the study results.</p>
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".