Controlled Growth of Monodisperse Nanocrystallites in Tin(IV) Oxide Nanofilms
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Uniform nanocrystalline films of tin oxide have been deposited on glass and silicon substrates by a solution spin-coating method followed by annealing under flowing oxygen at different temperatures. Complete conversion of the coated tin(IV) chloride solution to tin oxide at a post-oxygen-anneal temperature greater than 120 °C is confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray analysis and depth-profiling X-ray photoemission measurements. Transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction studies further reveal that the onset of SnO 2 nanocrystallite formation in the amorphous film occurs at 350 °C. The resulting nanocrystallites that are accompanied by the observed granular structures and voids throughout the film as a result of crystallization and grain growth exhibit a narrow size distribution. The average nanocrystallite size is found to slowly increase from 7 nm at 350 °C to 10 nm at 500 °C (likely due to a strain-limited growth mechanism) and to grow exponentially above a second onset at 500 °C with a concomitant growth of the grains and a rapid increase in the roughness of the granular films. X-ray diffraction and Raman experiments further show a largely uniform depth distribution of nanocrystallites throughout the film, with a higher density near the surface. The facile physical control in the average size of the nanocrystallites by post-oxygen-anneal temperature in a desirable size regime (7−30 nm) promises a cost-effective, easily scalable fabrication method of SnO 2 film for gas-sensing and nanoelectronic applications.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it