Formation of FePt Alloy Nanoparticles on Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite: A Morphological and In Situ X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopic Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dual layers of Pt and Fe, deposited sequentially onto highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), were annealed under ultrahigh vacuum, from room temperature to 560 °C. The formation of FePt alloy NPs, through interdiffusion, was studied by in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ex situ atomic force (AFM), and high-resolution transmission electron (TEM) microscopies. With increasing annealing temperature, the Pt 4f 7/2 binding energy shifts positively, and the positions of the Pt 5d-6s valence band centers move away from the Fermi level and broaden. Between 300 and 400 °C, Fe and Pt atoms diffuse significantly. Simultaneously, a surface chemical reaction occurs between metal oxide and adventitious carbon on the NP surface, resulting in the disappearance of the O 1s spectrum and the formation of an amorphous hydrocarbon shell. At elevated temperatures, the shell is continually lost, through fragmentation, and replaced by a new hydrocarbon from the vacuum background, assuring that the NPs do not coalesce during the whole annealing process. Stable FePt alloy NPs are formed on the HOPG surface as the annealing temperature is increased to ∼400 °C ( A 1 structure) and ∼500 °C ( L 1 0 structure). A continual Pt surface enrichment occurs with increasing annealing temperature, even before the formation of stable L 1 0 NPs, resulting in the formation of a Pt-rich layer around the NPs. On the basis of the mass balance in the system, an Fe-rich layer must lie below the Pt-rich layer, surrounding the L 1 0 core.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".