Silver Binding by Humic Acid as Determined by Equilibrium Ion-Exchange and Dialysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
One of the major challenges in environmental analytical chemistry is to develop methods for determining metal speciation in natural waters that contain low metal concentrations and dissolved organic matter (DOM). Because of its complex heterogeneous nature, metal binding to DOM cannot be predicted accurately using equilibrium models. Two independent speciation methods, the equilibrium ion-exchange technique (IET) and equilibrium dialysis (EqD), were used to determine silver binding by standard Suwannee River humic acid. Both approaches gave very similar results, although for a given silver loading, the concentration of free silver obtained by IET was somewhat higher than that determined by EqD. Our results suggest that any high-affinity binding sites present within the humic acid are likely saturated at [Ag(T)] > 10(-9) M. This comparison of free metal ion concentrations with two independent methods provides useful speciation information in the absence of reliable complexation constants for the reaction of silver with humic acid.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".