Inhibition Activity of Antifreeze Proteins with Natural Gas Hydrates in Saline and the Light Crude Oil Mimic, Heptane
Bibliographic record
Abstract
For practical purposes, kinetic hydrate inhibitors must perform predictably in the presence of oil as well as saline and high driving forces, but such deterministic behavior is rarely achieved. Here, we evaluated two biological inhibitors, type I and type III antifreeze proteins (AFPs I and III), under these exacting conditions using a double high-pressure crystallizer apparatus and additionally assayed using high-pressure micro-differential scanning calorimetry. The two AFP types behaved somewhat differently under these environmental conditions. The addition of AFP I reduced natural gas hydrate induction time, whereas AFP III had no impact on hydrate crystal nucleation. Nonetheless, for both AFPs, gas hydrate growth was significantly inhibited to ∼50% of that found in control experiments. Once hydrate had formed, decomposition was slower and started later. Thus, gas hydrates formed in the presence of APF I and III appeared to remain stable outside the hydrate stable zone, an observation that has also been noted for other inhibitors. Our observations have potential implications for the use of biological inhibitors under subsea pipeline conditions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".