Electromagnetic Microactuator Realized by Ferrofluid-Assisted Levitation Mechanism
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper reports a highly simple and robust levitation method realized by ferrofluid for micromotor applications. A layer of ferrofluid is self-sustained on a permanent magnet to serve as liquid bearing that lifts the magnet up on the substrate, enabling low-friction movements of the magnet. A levitation height of ~500 μm is observed with a 1.6-mm-sized NdFeB magnet. The load carrying capacity and friction force of the ferrofluid-levitated magnet are measured to be ~2.9 g and 14 μN, respectively. The levitated magnet is electromagnetically driven by microfabricated planar coils to demonstrate a linear micromotor. The dynamic responses of the magnet slider are characterized in detail and shown to match well with the results from electromagnetic simulations of the driving coil. The actuation force of 386 μN or greater is obtained. Using the electromagnetic rail track that contains a micropatterned array of planar coils, continuous actuation of the slider along the array is achieved with the average velocity of 19 mm/s. The feasibility of stepping displacements between two adjacent coils is demonstrated by controlling power distribution to the two coils.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".