Wavy Imperfections and the Strength of Cast-in-Place Pressure Pipe Liners
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The installation of resin-impregnated felt tubes within cast iron water pipes can lead to wavy imperfections (wrinkles) if the external circumference of the liner exceeds the internal circumference of the cast iron pipe. A split-disk test apparatus has been developed and a series of laboratory experiments have been conducted to measure the strength of liners with wavy imperfections. The design of the test apparatus is described, and results are reported for liners installed within cast iron pipes of six inch nominal internal diameter. Results for three different kinds of imperfections are provided, where measurements of maximum hoop force are related to the imperfection size (wavelength and amplitude). Most tests resulted in failures at or in the vicinity of the wrinkles. As the wrinkle size increased, the ultimate strength of the liner and its strength at first cracking were reduced. However, the effect was more detrimental on the latter than the former.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".