Time-Domain Large-Signal Modeling of Traveling-Wave Modulators on SOI
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Silicon photonic modulators have strong nonlinear behavior in phase modulation and frequency response, which needs to be carefully addressed when they are used in high-capacity transmission systems. We demonstrate a comprehensive model for depletion-mode Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs) on silicon-on-insulator, which provides a bridge between device design and system performance optimization. Our methodology involves physical models of p-n-junction phase-shifters and traveling-wave electrodes, as well as circuit models for the dynamic microwave-light interactions and time-domain analysis. Critical aspects in the transmission line design for high-frequency operation are numerically studied for a case of p-n-junction loaded coplanar-strip electrode. The dynamic interaction between light and microwave is simulated using a distributed circuit model solved by the finite-difference time-domain method, allowing for accurate prediction of both small-signal and large-signal responses. The validity of the model is confirmed by the comparison with experimental results for a series push-pull MZM with a 6 mm phase shifter. The simulation shows excellent agreement with experiment for high-speed operation up to 46 Gb/s. We show that this time-domain model can well predict the impact of the nonlinear behavior on the large-signal response, in contrast to the poor prediction from linear models in the frequency domain.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".