Development of the psychologically deep experiences (PDE) in nature scale
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mannell described psychologically deep experiences (PDEs) as meaningful events that alter awareness of the passage of time, perceptions of self and the environment. This study integrated 4 PDEs – Communitas, Fascination, Flow experiences and Spiritual experiences by using 11 constructs, developed in preexisting scales, designed to measure them. Our purpose was to develop a valid and comprehensive, nature-based PDE scale. After an expert review (n = 5) and conducting interviews (n = 12), the newly developed scale was included in an online questionnaire composed of nature-based recreationists (n = 431). Confirmatory factor analysis indicated good overall fit for the test and cross validation samples (e.g. RMSEA = 0.047 and 0.038, NFI = 0.94 and 0.94). Although the Communitas and Fascination dimensions require empirical refinement, our findings help to distinguish among four correlated dimensions of meaningful outdoor recreation experiences.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".