Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to provide a rigorous static and comparative statics analysis of a two-factor, two-commodity model of an open economy, which is characterized by a distortion in the factor market. The presence of the distortion causes an inefficient allocation of factors of production and a divergence between the private and social rates of transformation. By employing a construction of the production possibility curve in a box diagram it can be shown that as the distortion increases, this curve will turn convex to the origin. Thus, the usual trade geometry will not suffice in determining either the direction of substitution in production or the direction of change in social utility, which results from an opening of the economy to trade. A geometrical analysis is not rigorous enough and only an algebraic model with specified production and utility functions will be adequate in analyzing the directions of variations in endogenous economic variables for given changes in exogenous variables. Such a model has therefore been employed and it has been solved for changes in both the distortion parameter and the commodity price ratio. The results of the model show that the variation in the private rate of transformation is more important than that in the social rate of transformation. Hence, the actual curvature of the production possibility curve in this case does not indicate the direction of substitution in production resulting from a given change in the commodity price ratio. It will be proven that the definition of factor intensities in production is of importance. The distortion in the factor market makes it possible to satisfy a given factor intensity condition defined in terms of input ratios while the corresponding condition defined in terms of elasticities in the production functions is either satisfied or violated. From the analysis it emerges that the existence of a distortion will lead to modifications of the familiar propositions concerning free trade. Thus, it is found that the effects on social utility from an opening of trade will depend on the correspondence vis-a-vis non-correspondence between the two definitions of factor intensities. In the analysis of the effects of a change in the distortion parameter, it is found that under certain conditions an exogenous increase in this parameter will lead to increased social utility. Although this study comments on and suggests some revisions of existing theory, it is considered to be an exercise in the pure theory of international trade and is entirely theoretical in that an empirical justification for the assumptions employed will not be attempted.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".