Distortion and residual stresses in electron beam-welded hydroelectric turbine materials
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Heavy-section assembly of hydroelectric turbine runner materials using single-pass, autogenous EBW was demonstrated to penetrate a 90-mm-thick butt joint. The welding-induced distortions and residual stresses were characterised to understand the impact of the materials and process conditions (e.g. preheating and/or PWHT). Using 3D optical measurements, the angular distortions of EB-welded UNS S41500 and CA6NM steels were determined to be 0.13° and 0.38°, respectively. The longitudinal residual stresses, measured through the contour method, had a M-shaped distribution throughout the thickness with minimum (∼−500 MPa) compressive stresses in the FZ and maximum (∼600 MPa) tensile stresses in the HAZ. After PWHT, the tensile and compressive stresses reduced to ∼100 MPa.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".