Epidemiology of Meningitis Caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae in the North American Arctic, 2000ã 10.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: In the 1970s, the annual incidence/100,000 persons of meningitis caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis , and Streptococcus pneumoniae in indigenous Alaskans was 62.8, 2.4, and 19.3, respectively, and in indigenous Canadians was 46.3, 42.8, and 7.1, respectively; updated estimates for these populations are unavailable. Therefore, we estimated the incidence of H. influenzae, N. meningitidis , and S. pneumoniae meningitis in the North American Arctic during 2000–10. METHODS: Surveillance data for Alaska, Northern Canada, and Greenland were obtained from International Circumpolar Surveillance (ICS). We defined a case of bacterial meningitis caused by H. influenzae , N. meningitidis , or S. pneumoniae as a culture-positive isolate obtained from a normally sterile site in a resident with a meningitis diagnosis. Population estimates were obtained from national census statistics (Greenland does not record residents' indigenous status). We assumed ICS identified all cases so 95% confidence intervals (CI) are not presented. RESULTS: The mean population in Alaska, Northern Canada, and Greenland during the study period was 668,662 (19% indigenous), 136,921 (58% indigenous), and 56,550 (% indigenous unknown), respectively. The annual incidence/100,000 persons for meningitis caused by H. influenzae, N. meningitidis , and S. pneumoniae among all North American Arctic residents was: 0.6, 0.5, and 1.5, respectively; among North American Arctic children aged < 2 years was: 15.4, 5.1, and14.4, respectively; among indigenous persons (in Alaska and Canada) was: 2.1, 0.8, and 2.4, respectively.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".