Bibliographic record
Abstract
On August 24, 2006, the General Assembly of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) took a vote in Prague on the proper definition of the term “planet.” Following years of intense debate, the IAU's decision was far from insignificant. As a result of the vote, Pluto lost its status as the solar system's ninth planet, and was reclassified in the diplomatically named category of “dwarf planets.” The dispute over Pluto's nature, which had been raging for years, had become a major source of embarrassment for astronomers in 2005, when Michael Brown, a scientist working at the California Institute of Technology, discovered Xena, a celestial body larger than Pluto. Although it was passed with a clear majority, the IAU's vote did not stop the controversy between opponents and fans of Pluto. While the discoverer of Xena himself maintained that the IAU decision was “the right scientific choice,” astronomer Alan Stern of the Southwest Research Institute in Colorado – who had sold the US Congress on the idea of funding a space mission to the “last planet” – declared for his part: “This is a sloppy, bad example of how science should be done.” Given that Stern's dissatisfaction was shared by several of his colleagues, the IAU is likely to reconsider its definition of “planet” at its next triennial meeting, in 2009. The “Pluto war” is not over yet.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.030 | 0.041 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.029 | 0.059 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.022 | 0.028 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.026 |
| Research integrity | 0.012 | 0.028 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.035 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".