Bibliographic record
Abstract
Treaties between Indian Nations and European empires have served as the fundamental foundation upon which the official Indian-settler relationship has been built in the territories now called Canada and the United States since the 1600s. Treaty making was the approach preferred by both sides to sort out the essential terms of how colonists and their governments would relate to the original owners of the land. One of the critical historical, political and legal elements that distinguishes the North American experience from that of Australia is that there was a recognition from the early points of contact that pre-existing societies were completely sovereign. The history of negotiating treaties, their political and legal significance up to the present day, as well as the many disputes which continue to arise regarding their meaning, create a situation that shares some similarities but is also markedly different in Canada from that in the USA, New Zealand or any other country with a coloniser-Indigenous treaty history. Understanding the place of treaties in modern Canada is only possible through appreciating the different types of treaties that have been signed, the history of treaty making that has occurred, the evolving legal importance that treaties have acquired over time, and the current practice of negotiating new treaties, land claim settlements and self-government agreements. It must also be recognised that first nation perspectives on the function of treaties and the precise rights they contain have differed significantly from the views held by Canadian governments over the intervening decades, thereby causing considerable conflict, disappointment and frustration. Recent judicial interpretations, along with the constitutional protection of treaty rights in 1982, have resurrected the importance of historic Indian treaties in Canada as well as the necessity for new treaties to be negotiated. This essay briefly describes the four distinct eras of treaty-making in Canada before reviewing recent developments in the jurisprudence as well as in negotiating new agreements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.031 | 0.008 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.010 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".