Federalism and the Politics of Horizontal Fiscal Redistribution in the United States, Canada and Australia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Horizontal fiscal redistribution is a major political issue in most federal systems. However, important variations exist in the way these systems are organized. This paper seeks to explain major institutional and political differences in the horizontal fiscal redistribution of three federal systems: Australia, Canada, and the United States. More specifically, the paper attempts to account for the lack of a stand-alone federal equalization program in the United States and for major differences between the Australian and the Canadian equalization programs, primarily the presence of needs-based assessment and arms-length management in Australia and their absence in Canada. In accounting for the main differences between these three federal countries when it comes to horizontal fiscal redistribution, the paper stresses the role of territorial mobilization, institutional legacies and political ideology. In doing so, the paper sheds new light on a major yet understudied issue in federalism studies: the origins of American exceptionalism in fiscal federalism related to the absence of a stand-alone equalization program.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".