The Problem of Anti-Personnel Landmines and the Ottawa Treaty: Illusion or Reality?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The indiscriminate use of landmines in modern warfare has created a serious humanitarian challenge that individual countries cannot solve all by themselves. The signing of the Ottawa Treaty represents a major step in the progress of international humanitarian law. Nevertheless, there are many obstacles that the international community has to overcome in order that the spirit of the Ottawa Treaty can become effective and meaningful. This article will deal with the dangers posed by the use of anti-personnel landmines and the major difficulties that arise from it. In the first part, the study will determine the nature of landmines and the outcome that results from their use. The second part analyses the main ideas of the Ottawa Treaty and the existing Protocol II of the Weapons' Convention. Finally, the article concludes with an analysis of the practical difficulties that should be considered in the enforcement of international rules.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.005 | 0.008 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.012 | 0.045 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.011 | 0.007 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.009 | 0.011 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".