(Invited) The Effect of Degradation on the Wetting Properties of Exfoliated Black Phosphorus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Thin layers of black phosphorus attract a growing interest in electronics and optoelectronics for their bidimensional properties (2D) giving raised to high mobility and tunable direct band gap. Thin films are however unstable in air and synthesis of high quality samples consisting of pristine few-layered materials remains challenging, as a result. We recently established that a combination of oxygen, light and moisture provides the conditions leading to a photo-oxidation of the layers. In controlled conditions, the kinetic of the reaction is well captured by a redox model, but the evolution is less clear in normal humidity conditions where water can simply accumulate at the surface and forms droplets. In the present study, we investigate the wetting properties of thin black phosphorous films and its evolution during degradation using FastScan atomic force microscopy in different humidity conditions. From a statistical analysis of the bubbles formed, the wettability is found to decrease with layer thickness. This difference in surface tension between thinner and thicker layers is ascribed to an accumulation of phosphoric acid in the bubbles, which reveals increasing degradation rates with decreasing layer thickness. From our analysis and a simple rate equation model, it is found that: i) A threshold humidity is necessary for water condensation; ii) The photo-oxidation occurs on single bubble sites; iii) Black phosphorus layers immersed in water slowly thickens and crumbles anisotropically due to water etching during degradation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".