Seasonal regulation of deer reproduction as related to the antler cycle - a review
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The antler cycle in male deer is closely associated with the photoperiodic regulation of its reproduction. In most boreal cervids antlers grow during the late spring and early summer, they mineralize before the rut and are cast thereafter. A cascade of events involving several hormones such as melatonin, prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) mediates the primary effect of the photoperiod. The pineal gland serves as a neuroendocrine transducer of circadian and circannual variation of photoperiod, producing melatonin in response to the onset of darkness. Peak melatonin levels occur in December while lowest levels are observed in June. Declining melatonin concentrations in the blood after winter solstice unblock the production of PRL which increases until the peak levels are reached in mid June. High PRL levels block LH receptors on the testicular Leydig cells and thus prevent them from producing T too early, at a time not yet suitable for reproduction. The decline of PRL after June unblocks the LH receptors and allows ever stronger stimulation of T production by LH. Experimental manipulations of the photoperiod, exogenous administration of melatonin or blockade of PRL secretion by bromocriptine induce a distinct seasonal shift of reproductive patterns and the antler cycle. In addition to T, the female sex hormone estradiol appears to be also involved in the development of antler bone by being involved in the formation of the ivory compact bone.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".